API 945:2008-Avoiding Environmental Cracking in Amine Units

اختصاصی از فی توو API 945:2008-Avoiding Environmental Cracking in Amine Units دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

36 صفحه pdf

API 945:2008

Avoiding Environmental Cracking in Amine Units

BP Process Safety Series Hazards of Oil Refining Distillation Units, 2008

اختصاصی از فی توو BP Process Safety Series Hazards of Oil Refining Distillation Units, 2008 دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

88 صفحه pdf

BP Process Safety Series
Hazards of Oil Refining Distillation Units

A collection of booklets describing hazards and how to manage them

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Process description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Summary of main hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 When incidents occur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Chemical hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Inorganic and other materials imported with crude oil . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Other hazardous substances in common use on CDU/VDUs . . . 12
3 Physical hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1 Start-up and shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2 Normal operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3 Unit turnarounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4 Hazards relating to equipment failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.1 Columns and other process pressure vessels and piping . . . . . . 34
4.2 Desalters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3 Fired heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.4 Rotating equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.5 Heat exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.6 Distillation column overfilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5 Safe operating practices and procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.1 Safe operating practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.2 Safe operating procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.3 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.4 Concept of safe operating envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

 Some serious incidents that have occurred
on CDU/VDUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.1 Fire and fatalities at Crude Unit tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.2 Electrocution incident on CDU desalter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.3 Hazards of water entering vacuum towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6.4 Hazards of atmospheric relief valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
6.5 Internal VDU tower fire during turnaround . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.6 Four fatalities during repair of piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
7 Self test questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
9 Incidents list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
10 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80