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فی توو BP Process Safety Series Hazards of Oil Refining Distillation Units, 2008 دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .
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BP Process Safety Series
Hazards of Oil Refining Distillation Units
A collection of booklets describing hazards and how to manage them
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Process description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Summary of main hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 When incidents occur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Chemical hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Inorganic and other materials imported with crude oil . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Other hazardous substances in common use on CDU/VDUs . . . 12
3 Physical hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1 Start-up and shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2 Normal operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3 Unit turnarounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4 Hazards relating to equipment failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.1 Columns and other process pressure vessels and piping . . . . . . 34
4.2 Desalters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3 Fired heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.4 Rotating equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.5 Heat exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.6 Distillation column overfilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5 Safe operating practices and procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.1 Safe operating practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.2 Safe operating procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.3 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.4 Concept of safe operating envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Some serious incidents that have occurred
on CDU/VDUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.1 Fire and fatalities at Crude Unit tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.2 Electrocution incident on CDU desalter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.3 Hazards of water entering vacuum towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6.4 Hazards of atmospheric relief valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
6.5 Internal VDU tower fire during turnaround . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.6 Four fatalities during repair of piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
7 Self test questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
9 Incidents list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
10 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
دانلود با لینک مستقیم
BP Process Safety Series Hazards of Oil Refining Distillation Units, 2008 
