The study of Language - Yule

اختصاصی از فی توو The study of Language - Yule دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

کتاب زبانشناسی جرج یول (چاپ چهارم) از جمله کتاب های پرفروش زبانشناسی می باشد. این کتاب برای دانشجویان رشته آموزش، مترجمی و ادبیات انگلیسی بسیار مهم می باشد. همچنین از منابع بسیار مهم کنکور ارشد به شمار می رود.

بطور کلی اگر بدنبال کتابی هستید که می خواهید به راحتی مباحث linguistics را یاد بگیرید این کتاب را به شما پیشنهاد می کنم.

اطلاعات مربوط به چاپ جدید (چهارم) به شرح زیر است:

a change in the overall organization of the book, with Writing moving to
Chapter 16.
* revision of the internal organization of some chapters, with a clearer division of the
material into main topics and subtopics, with additional topics including new
accounts of language origins, text messaging, kinship terms and more than twenty
new word etymologies.
* over fifty new Tasks, including thirty that involve data analysis, so that students
can apply what they’ve learned.
* a new online Study Guide www.cambridge.org/yule to help students with those
Tasks.

ترجمه مقاله (SEMoLa (Simple, Easy to use, MOdelling LAnguage

اختصاصی از فی توو ترجمه مقاله (SEMoLa (Simple, Easy to use, MOdelling LAnguage دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

INTRODUCTION __ SEMoLa (Simple, Easy to use, MOdelling LAnguage), developed by Francesco Danuso at the Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences of the University of Udine (Italy) with many contributions by other researchers, is a simulation and modelling environment to create computer models for dynamic systems. It is logically formed by three components: a) a non-procedural syntax for model coding; b) a command set to create and evaluate computer simulation models; c) a GUI environment to manage the simulation environment. The commands allow to document the model, to display simulation results, to perform sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. The management of the modelling environment is accomplished by commands for set, display and clear the variables of the modelling environment, for quick editing the model files, to create files for multiple simulations, to display SEMoLa files and to log the working session. An error handling system and an extensive on-line help is also available. SEMoLa is a simple simulation meta-language. Model coded in SEMoLa are translated into Basic or C++ code and then compiled into executable files. The Basic code is to be compiled by the Power Basic Console Compiler 1.0 or higher (PowerBasic); the C++ code is to be compiled by MinGW 2.0.0-3 A package of tools like neural network generation, regression analysis, model units checking, has been developed to extend SEMoLa capabilities and offer to the user a more powerful modelling and analysis environment Exogenous variable files (input variables) can be loaded and processed if requested. Multiple simulation runs (batch simulation) may be performed in relation to different initial values, parameter sets, exogenous variables or event scenarios (or combinations). In the simulation phase it is possible to obtain the sensitivity analysis, the parameter calibration (Gauss – Newton optimisation method) and the model validation against independent data. SEMoLa allows the user to represent the system aspects in a conceptual rather than computational order. This makes the code more readable and the errors easier detectable. A SEMoLa model may directly produce presentation tables and lists of variables and parameters by using the specific commands. The commands for compilation and simulation derive from the command simula (Danuso, 1992). FEATURES OF SEMoLa  • Non procedural programming language for dynamic models • Generation of stand-alone, self-calibrating model executables • Numerical integration of ordinary differential equations (euler, trapezoidal) • Complete handling of the exogenous (input) variables • Event handling capability (conditional, periodical, scheduled) • Multiple simulations (batch simulations) • Parameter calibration and optimisation (Gauss-Newton); • Multiple calibration • Sensitivity analysis; • Model validation; • Support for simulation experiments • Support for uncertainty analysis and Monte Carlo simulations • Errors checking in compilation and in run-time phases • Model documentation (tables, listings, where used) • Model structuring by sections • Management of the modelling environment • Automatization of procedures with command scripts • Help for language syntax, procedure and commands • Log files for SEMoLa sessions and model runs • Multiple and non-linear regression • Neural networks training and building with easy integration in simulation models • Neural networks available as Basic and C++ source code • Model code editor with specific highlighting • Semantic and formal automatic debugging • Automatic units (dimensional) consistency check • Automatic documentation building for each model, in *.chm format • Simulation experiments and scenario analysis • Random variables generation from multiple distribution (normal and non-normal) • User defined functions generation and management • Fuzzy logic expert system development as user functions • Statistical analysis on observed and simulated data • Observed and simulated data plotting SEMoLA FRAMEWORK  SEMoLa is a modelling framework for knowledge integration. It consist of a) a non-procedural syntax for model coding (SEMoLa language); b) a set of commands to perform all tasks in both intaractive and batch (script) mode; c) a GUI environment to manage the simulation environment d) a built-in database management system (SemData) e) a plotting capability (SemPlot, based on Gnuplot) f) a specific editor (SemEdit) A SEMoLa model is a text file in which every row completely describes a system component

بخشی از ترجمه فارسی:

SEMoLa  (ساده ،کاربرد آسان ، زبان مدلینگ ) بوسیله فرانسسکو دانوسو در رشته کشاورزی و در دانشکده علوم دانشگاه یوداین ایتالیا وبا همکاری تعداد زیادی از محققین پیاده سازی شده است ، یک شبیه ساز که محیط مدلسازی در ساخت مدلهای کامپیوتری برای سیستم های پویاست.نرم افزار مذکور قالب بندی شده بوسیله 3 جزء :

1. ساختار غیر رویه ای برای مدل کد
2. یک مجموعه دستور ساخت و ارزیابی جهت مدلهای شبیه ساز کامپیوتری
3. یک محیطGUI برای مدیریت محیط شبیه سازی

دستورات به مستندات مدل اجازه می دهند برای نشان دادن نتایج شبیه سازی برای اجرای آنالیز های حساس و نا معلوم.مدیریت محیط مدلینگ بوسیله دستوراتی برای ست کردن ، نشان دادن ، پاک کردن متغیرهای محیط مدلینگ ، برای ویرایش سریع فایلهای مدل ، برای ایجاد فایلهایی برای شبیه ساز چند رسانه ای ، برای نشان دادن فایلهای SEMoLa  و برای سرعت سنجی جلسه کاری به انجام می رسد.

همچنین دارای یک سیستم Error  یابی و یک on-line help   گسترده در دسترس ، می باشد. SEMoLa  یک شبیه ساز ساده فرا زبان است. کد های مدل شده در  SEMoLa  ، به زبان های Basic  و C++ ترجمه شده اند و سپس بصورت فایلهای اجرائی کامپایل می شوند . کدهای زبان Basic توسط  کنسول کامپایلر Basic 1.0 وکد های C++ بوسیله کامپایلر MinGW 2.0.0-3 کامپیل می شوند.

یک مجموعه ای از ابزارها مانند ابزار های شبیه سازی  شبکه های عصبی ،ابزار های تجزیه تحلیل  بصورت باز گشتی ،ابزارهای چک کردن مدل و دیگر ابزار ها  برای گسترش دادن توانائی های SEMoLa  تجهیز شده اند و امکان مدلینگ و تجزیه و تحلیل  بصورت قدرتمند تر را به کاربر،  می دهد.

درصورت نیاز ، فایلهای متغیر خارجی (متغیر های ورودی) نیزتوسط SEMoLa قادر به لود شدن و پردازش هستند . شبیه سازی های چند گانه یا دسته ای ممکن است در ارتباط با یکدیگر اجرا شوند ولی بدین صورت که مقادیر درونی مختلف ، مجموعه پارامتر ها ، متغیر های بیرونی و یا سناریو های رخدادها  در نتیجه اجرای آنها بصورت خروجی مشترک ، قابل استفاده باشند . در فاز شبیه سازی برای بدست آوردن آنالیز های حساس مانند پارامترهای اندازه گیری خوشبینانه نیوتن ، و درستی مدل در مقابل داده های مستقل ، از این تکنیک استفاده می شود .

SEMoLa  به کاربر اجازه می دهد تا ظاهر سیستم را بیشتر در قالب تصور نشان دهد تا محا سبات در خواستی. این باعث می شود که کد بیشتر قابل خواندن باشد و نیز قابلیت خطا یابی افزایش می یابد.

یک مدل SEMoLa  ممکن است  بطور مستقیم  با استفاده از دستورات ویژه ای ، در خروجی ، جدولهای قابل ارائه ، لیستی از متغیر ها وپارامترها  را تولید کند.

این دستورات جهت کامپایل و شبیه سازی ، از دستورات کامپایلر simula که توسط دانوسو در سال 1992 ساخته شده ، برگرفته شده اند.

کتاب The Art Of Writing & Speaking The English Language

اختصاصی از فی توو کتاب The Art Of Writing & Speaking The English Language دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

اگر فقط یک موضوع باشد که نظر همه را به خود جلب کند، هنر نوشتن و حرف زدن به زبان مادری است که همان‌طور که همه می‌دانند، مبنای فرهنگ را تشکیل می‌دهد. اما این هنر قطعاً چیزی بیش‌تر از فرهنگ است، هنر نوشتن و حرف‌زدن، یکی از پایه‌های مسلم کسب و کار است. هیچ فروشنده‌ای نمی‌تواند چیزی بفروشد اگر نتواند کالای خود را به زبان مادری‌اش معرفی نماید، و یا اگر نتواند آگهی مؤثری در مورد کالای خود بنویسد، و یا آن را از طریق نامه‌نگاری به دیگران ارایه نماید، بی تردید روی دست‌اش باد خواهند کرد. در واقع روشی که حرف می‌زنیم و نامه‌نگاری می‌کنیم، میزان موفقیت‌مان را در زندگی تعیین می‌سازد. اکنون این کتاب می‌خواهد این هنر را در زبان انگلیسی آموزش داده و نشان دهد که زبان چیزی بیش از یک واسطه است.

نوع فایل کتاب: PDF
تعداد صفحات: ۱۳۱

Learn to Speak German Level Two Unit One

اختصاصی از فی توو Learn to Speak German Level Two Unit One دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

 

Speak German like a native!

It’s now possible to speak and understand a foreign language effortlessly. The world-famous Pimsleur Method™ combines well-established research, most-useful vocabulary and a completely intuitive process to get you speaking right from the first day. All Pimsleur® courses feature real-world context and flexible vocabulary enabling you to learn your new language in a fluid, natural way. It’s the simplest way to start speaking a new language today.

German is the official language of Germany and Austria and is one of the official languages of Switzerland, Belgium, Lichtenstein, and Luxembourg. Nearly 100 million people speak German as their first language. Learn German today with Pimsleur.

 You can download the first lesson for free from Here.

You can download the reading booklet for free from here.

Description

Includes 30 lessons and reading instruction (16 hours) as MP3 download, plus a User’s Guide and Reading Booklet

The Easiest and Fastest Way to Learn German
Whether you want to travel, communicate with friends or colleagues, reconnect with family, or just understand more of what’s going on in the world around you, learning German will expand your horizons and immeasurably enrich your life.

The best part is that it doesn’t have to be difficult or take years to master. Thirty minutes a day is all it takes, and we get you speaking right from the first day. Pimsleur courses use a scientifically-proven method that puts you in control of your learning. If you’ve tried other language learning methods but found they simply didn’t stick, then you owe it to yourself to give Pimsleur a try.

Why Pimsleur?
- Quick + Easy – Only 30 minutes a day.
- Portable + Flexible – Core lessons can be done anytime, anywhere, and easily fit into your busy life.
- Proven Method – Works when other methods fail.
- Self-Paced – Go fast or go slow – it’s up to you.
- Based in Science – Developed using proven research on memory and learning.
- Cost-effective – Less expensive than classes or immersion, and features all native speakers.
- Genius – Triggers your brain’s natural aptitude to learn.
- Works for everyone – Recommended for ages 13 and above.

What’s Included?
- 30, 30-minute audio lessons
- 60 minutes of reading instruction to provide you with an introduction to reading German designed to teach you to sound out words with correct pronunciation and accent
- in total, 16 hours of audio, all featuring native speakers
- a Reading Booklet and a User’s Guide

What You’ll Learn
In the first 10 lessons, you’ll cover the basics: saying hello, asking for or giving information, scheduling a meal or a meeting, asking for or giving basic directions, and much more. You’ll be able to handle minimum courtesy requirements, understand much of what you hear, and be understood at a beginning level, but with near-native pronunciation skills.

In the next 10 lessons, you’ll build on what you’ve learned. Expand your menu, increase your scheduling abilities from general to specific, start to deal with currency and exchanging money, refine your conversations and add over a hundred new vocabulary items. You’ll understand more of what you hear, and be able to participate with speech that is smoother and more confident.

In the final 10 lessons, you’ll be speaking and understanding at an intermediate level. In this phase, more directions are given in the target language, which moves your learning to a whole new plane. Lessons include shopping, visiting friends, going to a restaurant, plans for the evening, car trips, and talking about family. You’ll be able to speak comfortably about things that happened in the past and make plans for the future.

Reading Lessons begin in Lesson 10 to provide you with an introduction to reading German. In addition, the combined Reading Lessons are included after Lesson 30. These Reading Lessons, which total about one hour, are designed to teach you to sound out words with correct pronunciation and accent.

The Pimsleur Method
We make no secret of what makes this powerful method work so well. Paul Pimsleur spent his career researching and perfecting the precise elements anyone can use to learn a language quickly and easily. Here are a few of his “secrets”:

The Principle of Anticipation
In the nanosecond between a cue and your response, your brain has to work to come up with the right word. Having to do this boosts retention, and cements the word in your mind.

Core Vocabulary
Words, phrases, and sentences are selected for their usefulness in everyday conversation. We don’t overwhelm you with too much, but steadily increase your ability with every lesson.

Graduated Interval Recall
Reminders of new words and structures come up at the exact interval for maximum retention and storage into your long-term memory.

Organic Learning
You work on multiple aspects of the language simultaneously. We integrate grammar, vocabulary, rhythm, melody, and intonation into every lesson, which allows you to experience the language as a living, expressive form of human culture.

Learning in Context
Research has shown that learning new words in context dramatically accelerates your ability to remember. Every scene in every Pimsleur lesson is set inside a conversation between two people. There are no drills, and no memorization necessary for success.

Active Participation
The Pimsleur Method + active learner participation = success. This method works with every language and every learner who follows it. You gain the power to recall and use what you know, and to add new words easily, exactly as you do in English.

The German Language
German is the official language of Germany and Austria and is one of the official languages of Switzerland. It is also an official language in Belgium, Lichtenstein, and Luxembourg. Nearly 100 million people speak German as their first language: about 77 million in Germany, 8 million in Austria, and 4.5 million in Switzerland.

Learn to Speak German Level Two Unit Two

اختصاصی از فی توو Learn to Speak German Level Two Unit Two دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

 

Speak German like a native!

It’s now possible to speak and understand a foreign language effortlessly. The world-famous Pimsleur Method™ combines well-established research, most-useful vocabulary and a completely intuitive process to get you speaking right from the first day. All Pimsleur® courses feature real-world context and flexible vocabulary enabling you to learn your new language in a fluid, natural way. It’s the simplest way to start speaking a new language today.

German is the official language of Germany and Austria and is one of the official languages of Switzerland, Belgium, Lichtenstein, and Luxembourg. Nearly 100 million people speak German as their first language. Learn German today with Pimsleur.

 You can download the first lesson for free from Here.

You can download the reading booklet for free from here.

Description

Includes 30 lessons and reading instruction (16 hours) as MP3 download, plus a User’s Guide and Reading Booklet

The Easiest and Fastest Way to Learn German
Whether you want to travel, communicate with friends or colleagues, reconnect with family, or just understand more of what’s going on in the world around you, learning German will expand your horizons and immeasurably enrich your life.

The best part is that it doesn’t have to be difficult or take years to master. Thirty minutes a day is all it takes, and we get you speaking right from the first day. Pimsleur courses use a scientifically-proven method that puts you in control of your learning. If you’ve tried other language learning methods but found they simply didn’t stick, then you owe it to yourself to give Pimsleur a try.

Why Pimsleur?
- Quick + Easy – Only 30 minutes a day.
- Portable + Flexible – Core lessons can be done anytime, anywhere, and easily fit into your busy life.
- Proven Method – Works when other methods fail.
- Self-Paced – Go fast or go slow – it’s up to you.
- Based in Science – Developed using proven research on memory and learning.
- Cost-effective – Less expensive than classes or immersion, and features all native speakers.
- Genius – Triggers your brain’s natural aptitude to learn.
- Works for everyone – Recommended for ages 13 and above.

What’s Included?
- 30, 30-minute audio lessons
- 60 minutes of reading instruction to provide you with an introduction to reading German designed to teach you to sound out words with correct pronunciation and accent
- in total, 16 hours of audio, all featuring native speakers
- a Reading Booklet and a User’s Guide

What You’ll Learn
In the first 10 lessons, you’ll cover the basics: saying hello, asking for or giving information, scheduling a meal or a meeting, asking for or giving basic directions, and much more. You’ll be able to handle minimum courtesy requirements, understand much of what you hear, and be understood at a beginning level, but with near-native pronunciation skills.

In the next 10 lessons, you’ll build on what you’ve learned. Expand your menu, increase your scheduling abilities from general to specific, start to deal with currency and exchanging money, refine your conversations and add over a hundred new vocabulary items. You’ll understand more of what you hear, and be able to participate with speech that is smoother and more confident.

In the final 10 lessons, you’ll be speaking and understanding at an intermediate level. In this phase, more directions are given in the target language, which moves your learning to a whole new plane. Lessons include shopping, visiting friends, going to a restaurant, plans for the evening, car trips, and talking about family. You’ll be able to speak comfortably about things that happened in the past and make plans for the future.

Reading Lessons begin in Lesson 10 to provide you with an introduction to reading German. In addition, the combined Reading Lessons are included after Lesson 30. These Reading Lessons, which total about one hour, are designed to teach you to sound out words with correct pronunciation and accent.

The Pimsleur Method
We make no secret of what makes this powerful method work so well. Paul Pimsleur spent his career researching and perfecting the precise elements anyone can use to learn a language quickly and easily. Here are a few of his “secrets”:

The Principle of Anticipation
In the nanosecond between a cue and your response, your brain has to work to come up with the right word. Having to do this boosts retention, and cements the word in your mind.

Core Vocabulary
Words, phrases, and sentences are selected for their usefulness in everyday conversation. We don’t overwhelm you with too much, but steadily increase your ability with every lesson.

Graduated Interval Recall
Reminders of new words and structures come up at the exact interval for maximum retention and storage into your long-term memory.

Organic Learning
You work on multiple aspects of the language simultaneously. We integrate grammar, vocabulary, rhythm, melody, and intonation into every lesson, which allows you to experience the language as a living, expressive form of human culture.

Learning in Context
Research has shown that learning new words in context dramatically accelerates your ability to remember. Every scene in every Pimsleur lesson is set inside a conversation between two people. There are no drills, and no memorization necessary for success.

Active Participation
The Pimsleur Method + active learner participation = success. This method works with every language and every learner who follows it. You gain the power to recall and use what you know, and to add new words easily, exactly as you do in English.

The German Language
German is the official language of Germany and Austria and is one of the official languages of Switzerland. It is also an official language in Belgium, Lichtenstein, and Luxembourg. Nearly 100 million people speak German as their first language: about 77 million in Germany, 8 million in Austria, and 4.5 million in Switzerland.