Asian Monsoon Failure and Megadrought During the Last Millennium

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Asian Monsoon Failure and Megadrought During the Last Millennium

Science  23 Apr 2010:
Vol. 328, Issue 5977, pp. 486-489
DOI: 10.1126/science.1185188

• Edward R. Cook¹,*,
• Kevin J. Anchukaitis¹,
• Brendan M. Buckley¹,
• Rosanne D. D’Arrigo¹,
• Gordon C. Jacoby¹,
• William E. Wright¹,²

Abstract

The Asian monsoon system affects more than half of humanity worldwide, yet the dynamical processes that govern its complex spatiotemporal variability are not sufficiently understood to model and predict its behavior, due in part to inadequate long-term climate observations. Here we present the Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas (MADA), a seasonally resolved gridded spatial reconstruction of Asian monsoon drought and pluvials over the past millennium, derived from a network of tree-ring chronologies. MADA provides the spatiotemporal details of known historic monsoon failures and reveals the occurrence, severity, and fingerprint of previously unknown monsoon megadroughts and their close linkages to large-scale patterns of tropical Indo-Pacific sea surface temperatures. MADA thus provides a long-term context for recent monsoon variability that is critically needed for climate modeling, prediction, and attribution.

دانلود مقاله انگلیسی failure to thrive (FTT)

اختصاصی از فی توو دانلود مقاله انگلیسی failure to thrive (FTT) دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

Introduction

Background

Growth failure, or failure to thrive (FTT), is a descriptive term and not a specific diagnosis. This term is widely used to describe inadequate growth in early childhood. However, no consensus has been reached concerning the specific anthropometrical criteria to define this description. Although definitions vary, most authors use this term only when growth has been noted to be low or to have decreased over time. For instance, some authors define failure to thrive as height or weight less than the third to fifth percentiles for age on more than one occasion. Other authors cite height or weight measurements falling 2 major percentile lines using the standard growth charts of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Still others state that true malnutrition (weight <80% of ideal body weight for age) should be present to state a child is failing to thrive.
All authorities agree that only by comparing height and weight on a growth chart over time can failure to thrive be accurately assessed. Although measurements of head circumference are important in the evaluation of infants and toddlers, failure of the head to grow by itself is not part of the failure to thrive entity.1   Normal growth and growth charts of term and premature infants, as well as the etiology, evaluation, management, and outcome of failure to thrive are discussed in this article.

Pathophysiology

Normal growth in term infants...

نوع فایل : Word

تعداد صفحه : 7